Efficacy of ultrasound-guided infiltration with levobupivacaine and triamcinolone for myofascial pain syndrome of the quadratus lumborum: a retrospective observational study

Abstract Introduction and objectives: Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) of the Quadratus Lumborum muscle (QL) is a frequent cause of chronic low back pain. With this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of ultrasound-guided infiltration with 0.25% levobupivacaine and 40 mg triamcinolone for MPS of the QL. Methods: Observational and retrospective study of participants submitted to ultrasound-guided infiltration of the QL muscle from January 1, 2015 to June 31, 2019. Pain intensity was assessed using the five-point pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS): pre-intervention, at 72 hours, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months post-intervention. Additional data collected were demographic characteristics, opioid consumption, and adverse effects. Results: We assessed 90 participants with mean age of 55.2 years. Sixty-eight percent of participants were female. Compared to the pre-intervention assessment, there was an improvement in pain at 72 hours (Mean Difference [MD = 3.085]; 95% CI: 2.200-3.970, p < 0.05), at the 1st month (MD = 2.644; 95% CI: 1.667-3.621, p < 0.05), at the 3rdmonth (MD = 2.017; 95% CI: 0.202-2.729, p < 0.05) and at the 6th month (MD = 1.339; 95% CI 0.378-2.300, p < 0.05), post-intervention. No statistically significant differences in opioid consumption were observed. No adverse effects associated with the technique were reported. Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided infiltration of the QL muscle is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of pain in the QL MPS within 6 months post-intervention.

Photobiomodulation therapy to treat neuropathic oral pain after contagion by COVID-19 / Terapia de fotobiomodulação no tratamento de dor oral neuropática após contágio por COVID- 19

Objective: The purpose of this short communication is to show that although photobiomodulation in the treatment of neurophathic oral pain after COVID-19 contagion could be an option, photobiomodulation is not a new technique. PBMT was used with different protocols and pain was assessed using VAS (visual analogue scale - 0 until 10) before and after the consultation. Results: Evolution of VAS during the sessions showed a decrease in painful symptomatology as treatment was performed. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in the present case report, we concluded that PBMT with the parameters used in this clinical case was an effective, noninvasive and a new option of treatment for neuralgia resulting from COVID-19. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste short communication é mostrar que, embora a fotobiomodulação no tratamento de dor oral neuropática após contágio por COVID-19 possa ser uma opção, a fotobiomodulação não é uma técnica recente. TFBM foi utilizado com diferentes protocolos e a dor foi avaliada por EVA (escala visual analógica - 0 a 10) antes e após a consulta. Resultados: A evolução da EAV durante as sessões mostrou uma diminuição da sintomatologia dolorosa à medida que o tratamento era realizado. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados obtidos no presente relato de caso, concluímos que a TFBM com os parâmetros utilizados neste caso clínico foi eficaz, não invasivo e uma nova opção de tratamento para a neuralgia decorrente do COVID-19 (AU)

Síndrome de Eagle: relato de caso / Eagle Syndrome: a case report

A síndrome de Eagle é uma condição rara e com etiologia ainda não bem estabelecida, a qual se deve ter bastante suspeição para seu correto tratamento. Seu tratamento deve ser definido em conjunto com o paciente, seja ele conservador ou cirúrgico, sempre levando em consideração as expectativas do paciente, além da maior expertise do profissional na modalidade escolhida para o tratamento. Neste artigo, apresentamos uma paciente de 35 anos atendida no Hospital Felício Rocho, discutindo os diversos aspectos da doença, inclusive a modalidade de tratamento escolhida para o caso.

Eagle syndrome is a rare condition, and its etiology has not yet been well established and its correct treatment is uncertain. Its treatment must be defined together with the patient, be it conservative or surgical, always taking into consideration the patient's expectations, in addition to a solid professional expertise in the modality chosen for the treatment. In this article, we present the case of a 35-year-old patient who was admitted to the Felício Rocho Hospital and discuss the various aspects of the disease, including the treatment modality chosen for the case.

Treatment of Facial Neuralgia Developed after Inferior Meatal Antrostomy by Narrowing of the Inlet with Endoscopic Cartilage Graft

Inferior meatal antrostomy (IMA) is a widely performed surgical technique to treat postoperative maxillary mucocele. The method is safe and easy to perform, without major complications compared with other approaches. Facial pain after IMA is a rare clinical entity that can be challenging to diagnose and treat. The authors present an unusual case of acute facial neuralgia triggered by cold air that developed after IMA. The antrostomy was located at the anterior-most part of the inferior meatus, and the inlet size was relatively large compared with the size of the remaining sinus. Surgical narrowing of the antrostomy inlet using endoscopy dramatically reduced the symptoms, and symptom relief was maintained for up to one year after surgery.

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome of the Upper Limbs Caused by Facial Pain / 계명의대학술지

Polyacrylamide hydrogel is a widely used filler material in cosmetic procedures performed on the face and breasts. Recently, however, complications including inflammation, deformity, and pain have been reported. The present article addresses unregulated materials/products injected as dermal fillers. The authors report a case involving a 29-year-old woman who developed severe facial pain after undergoing a cosmetic procedure with injectable triamcinolone and hyaluronidase. Two months later, the pain spread to her upper and lower limbs, and abdomen, which eventually led to the the development and diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in the upper limbs. The authors hypothesize that CRPS in the upper limbs was responsible for the facial pain through sensitization of third-order neurons and the trigeminal nucleus caudalis extending to the upper cervical segments.

Toxina botulínica tipo A nas DTM musculares: há eficácia? / Botulinum toxin type A in muscle TMD: There's effectiveness?

Os objetivos dessa revisão da literatura foram verificar a eficácia da toxina botulínica tipo A (BTX-A) na diminuição da dor em indivíduos com DTM e identificar os parâmetros ideais para o local, número de aplicações, dosagens e tempo de duração. Foram selecionados 19 artigos das bases de dados do Google Acadêmico e PubMed, que incluíram 14 artigos de pesquisa clínica e 5 de revisão sistemática. Foi possível concluir a respeito da toxina botulínica que os músculos indicados para a aplicação são principalmente os masseteres e os temporais, podendo ser aplicado também nos músculos pterigoideos, lateral e medial, digástrico e platisma. Os locais de escolha são os que apresentam maior volume e sensibilidade à palpação (pontos-gatilho) ou maior atividade eletromiográfica em repouso. As dosagens variam de um total de 10U a 400U de BTX-A por indivíduo, sendo distribuídas pelos músculos indicados. A BTX-A, em geral, é aplicada em dose única, porem alguns autores preconizam uma segunda aplicação se a primeira não fez o efeito esperado. O efeito da toxina botulínica sobre os músculos e a dor, em geral, tem duração variada, sendo relatado desde 3 a 4 semanas até 3 a 5 meses. A maioria dos estudos observou à eficácia da BTX-A na diminuição da dor de indivíduos com DTM. Porém é necessário que mais estudos clínicos randomizados, duplo cegos, multicêntricos e controlados sejam realizados para que a eficácia da BTX-A seja comprovada e para que um protocolo de atendimento seja realizado.(AU)

The objectives of this literature review were to verify the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in reducing pain of TMD patients and to identify the optimal parameters for the location, number of applications, dosages and duration. We selected 19 articles from Google Scholar and PubMed databases that included 14 articles of clinical research and 5 systematic reviews. It was concluded about BTX-A that the muscles appropriate to the application are mostly masseter and temporal and can also be applied in the pterygoid muscle lateral and medial, digastric and platysma. The choices of locations are those who have higher volume and sensitivity to palpation (trigger points) or higher EMG activity at rest. Dosages vary from a total of 10U to 400U of BTX-A by individual, being distributed by the indicated muscles. BTX-A in general is applied in a single dose, but some authors recommend a second application if the first did not make the expected effect. The effect of BTX-A on muscle and pain in general has varying duration, being reported from 3 to 4 weeks for 3 to 5 months. Most studies have noted at the effectiveness of BTX-A in patient pain reduction DTM. However more randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled clinical trials needs to be carried out so that the effectiveness of BTX-A could be confirmed and a management protocol, stabilished.(AU)

Sphenopalatine ganglion pulsed radiofrequency treatment in patients suffering from chronic face and head pain / Tratamento com radiofrequência pulsada para gânglio esfenopalatino em pacientes com dor crônica de face e cabeça

PURPOSE: There are various facial pain syndromes including trigeminal neuralgia, trigeminal neuropathic pain and atypical facial pain syndromes. Effectiveness of the pulsed radiofrequency in managing various pain syndromes has been clearly demonstrated. There are a limited number of studies on the pulsed radiofrequency treatment for sphenopalatine ganglion in patients suffering from face and head pain. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the satisfaction of pulsed radiofrequency treatment at our patients retrospectively. METHODS: Infrazygomatic approach was used for the pulsed radiofrequency of the sphenopalatine ganglion under fluoroscopic guidance. After the tip of the needle reached the target point, 0.25-0.5 ms pulse width was applied for sensory stimulation at frequencies from 50 Hz to 1 V. Paraesthesias were exposed at the roof of the nose at 0.5-0.7 V. To rule out trigeminal contact that led to rhythmic mandibular contraction, motor stimulation at a frequency of 2 Hz was applied. Then, four cycles of pulsed radiofrequency lesioning were performed for 120 s at a temperature of 42 °C. RESULTS: Pain relief could not be achieved in 23% of the patients (unacceptable), whereas pain was completely relieved in 35% of the patients (excellent) and mild to moderate pain relief could be achieved in 42% of the patients (good) through sphenopalatine ganglion-pulsed radiofrequency treatment. CONCLUSION: Pulsed radiofrequency of the sphenopalatine ganglion is effective in treating the patients suffering from intractable chronic facial and head pain as shown by our findings. There is a need for prospective, randomized, controlled trials in order to confirm the efficacy and safety of this new treatment modality in chronic head and face pain.

OBJETIVO: Existem várias síndromes de dor facial, incluindo neuralgia trigeminal, dor neuropática trigeminal e síndromes atípicas de dor facial. A eficácia da radiofrequência pulsada (RFP) para o manejo de várias síndromes de dor foi claramente demonstrada. Há um número limitado de estudos sobre o tratamento com RFP para gânglio esfenopalatino (GEP) em pacientes que sofrem de dor facial e de cabeça. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a satisfação do tratamento com PRF em nossos pacientes, retrospectivamente. MÉTODOS: A abordagem infrazigomática foi usada para a RFP do GEP sob orientação fluoroscópica. Depois de a ponta da agulha atingir o ponto alvo, pulsos de 0,25 a 0,5 ms foram aplicados para a estimulação sensorial em frequências de 50 Hz a 1 V. Parestesias foram expostas no teto do nariz em 0,5 a 0,7 V. Para excluir o contato trigeminal que levou à contração mandibular rítmica, a estimulação motora foi aplicada na frequência de 2 Hz. Em seguida, quatro ciclos de RFP foram feitos durante 120 segundos a uma temperatura de 42 °C. RESULTADOS: O alívio da dor não foi obtido em 23% dos pacientes (inaceitável); enquanto a dor foi totalmente aliviada em 35% dos pacientes (excelente) e o alívio de leve a moderado da dor foi obtido em 42% dos pacientes (bom), com o tratamento RFP-GEP. CONCLUSÃO: RFP para GEP é eficaz no tratamento de pacientes que sofrem de dor crônica intratável, facial e de cabeça, como mostrado por nossas descobertas. Estudos prospectivos, randômicos e controlados são necessários para confirmar a eficácia e segurança dessa nova modalidade de tratamento para dor crônica facial e de cabeça.

Comparative evaluation of somatosensory mechanisms involved in orofacial somatic, visceral and neuropathic pain / Avaliação comparativa dos mecanismos somatossensoriais envolvidos na gênese das dores orofaciais de origem somática, visceral e neuropática

Orofacial pain conditions can be classified into somatic, visceral or neuropathic pain. Somatic pain is triggered by a noxious stimulus generally inducted by peripheral traumas, such as dental implants surgeries (IMP). Visceral pain initiates within internal body tissues and is normally triggered by inflammation, as in inflammatory toothaches (IT). The third condition is neuropathic pain, which results from persistent injury to the peripheral nerve as in Atypical Odontalgia (AO). The aims of this study were: 1- to investigate somatosensory abnormalities, using mechanical, painful, and electrical quantitative sensory testing (QST), in somatic (IMP patients), visceral (IT) and neuropathic pain (AO); 2- to quantify how accurately QST discriminates an IT or AO diagnosis; and 3- to investigate the influence implant surgeries or pulpectomy may have on somatosensory system and sensory nerve fibers. Sixty subjects were divided in three groups: IMP (n = 20), IT (n = 20) and AO group (n = 20). A sequence of five QSTs and the Conditioned Pain Modulation Test (CPM) were performed one month and three months after dental implant surgery (IMP group) or pulpectomy (IT group). AO group was evaluated only at baseline. QST comprehended Mechanical Detection Threshold (MDT), Mechanical Pain Threshold (MPT), Dynamical Mechanical Allodynia (DMA), Current Perception Threshold (CPT) for A-beta (frequency of 2000Hz), A-delta (250Hz) and C fibers (5Hz) and Temporal Summation Test (TS). "Z" score transformation were applied to the data, and within and between groups were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio of QSTs were calculated (α = 5%). The findings of this study proved that: 1- loss of function for touch threshold and electrical threshold of C fibers is present in inflammatory toothache; 2- allodynia, hyperalgesia, gain of function for touch and pain thresholds and impaired pain modulation is detected in atypical odontalgia; 3- some QSTs may be used as complementary tests in the differential diagnosis of atypical odontalgia and inflammatory toothache with strong accuracy; 4- the most accurate QSTs for differential diagnosis between subjects with AO and IT were MDT, MPT and DMA where touch threshold forces > 1 g/mm2 and pain threshold forces > 10g/mm2 can be used to accurately discriminate AO from IT; and 5- no somatosensory modification is found after implant surgery and reduced electrical threshold in C fiber is found for patients with inflammatory toothache after 3 months of pulpectomy.(AU)

As dores orofaciais podem ser classificadas em dores somáticas, viscerais ou neuropáticas. A dor somática está relacionada a um estímulo nocivo evidente, geralmente associada a um trauma periférico, como por exemplo, nas cirurgias de implantes (IMP). As dores viscerais têm origem dentro dos órgãos e cavidades internas do corpo e são ativadas pela inflamação, como no exemplo da dor de dente do tipo Pulpite Aguda (PA). A terceira condição é a dor neuropática, que resulta de uma lesão persistente ao nervo periférico, como ocorre na Odontalgia Atípica (OA). Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1- avaliar as alterações somatossensoriais, por meio do uso de Testes Sensoriais Quantitativos (TSQ) mecânicos, dolorosos e elétricos em dores somáticas (pacientes IMP), viscerais (PA) e neuropáticas (OA); 2- quantificar a acurácia dos TSQs na descriminação diagnóstica de uma PA ou OA; e 3- investigar alterações somatossensoriais e nas fibras nervosas sensoriais após cirurgia de instalação de implantes dentários ou pulpectomia. Sessenta sujeitos foram divididos em três grupos: IMP (n = 20), PA (n = 20) e OA (n = 20). Uma sequência de cinco TSQs e o teste de Controle da Modulação da Dor (CMD) foram realizados um mês e três meses após cirurgia de implantes (grupo IMP) ou pulpectomia (grupo PA). No grupo OA, os testes foram realizados somente uma vez no início do estudo. Os TSQs englobaram o Limiar de Detecção Mecânica (LDM), Limiar de Dor Mecânica (LDoM), Alodinia Mecânica Dinâmica (AMD), Limiar de Percepção de Corrente (LPC) para fibras A-beta (frequência de 2000Hz), A-delta (250Hz) e C (5 Hz), e o teste de Somação Temporal (ST). A transformação em escores de "Z" foi aplicada aos dados, e diferenças intra e inter-grupos foram analisadas usando ANOVA de medidas repetidas. Ainda, a acurácia diagnóstica dos TSQs foi medida por meio da sensibilidade, especificidade, razão de verossimilhança e razão de chances para diagnóstico (α = 5%). Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que: 1- perda da função em limiar táctil e limiar elétrico de fibras C está presente na Pulpite Aguda; 2- alodinia, hiperalgesia, ganho de função nos limiares de tato e de dor, e modulação da dor prejudicada são encontrados em pacientes com odontalgia atípica; 3- alguns TSQs podem ser usados como testes diagnósticos complementares ao diagnóstico diferencial entre PA e OA; 4- os TSQs com maior acurácia para o diagnóstico diferencial entre indivíduos com PA e OA foram LDM LDoM e AMD, onde uma força maior que 1 g/mm2 para limiar de tato e maior que 10 g/mm2 para limiar de dor podem ser usados com precisão; e 5- nenhuma alteração somatossensorial é encontrada após cirurgia de implantes e uma redução no limiar elétrico em fibras C é encontrado em pacientes com PA após 3 meses da pulpectomia.(AU)

The Diagnosis and Treatment of the Cervical Vertigo / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vertigo is an illusion of environmental movement due to various causes, thus it is hard for medical doctors to determine the exact kind of dizziness in the final diagnosis. Recently, cervical vertigo was reported from several vertigo cases. Cervical vertigo is defined as sensation of rotation, resulting from an alteration of the neck proprioceptive afferents of the upper cervical spine. The aim of our study is to document the clinical features and the treatment outcomes in vertigo patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A total of 488 patients, excluding 18 patients who received other diagnosis, were examined to investigate the reasons for dizziness. We evaluated 34 patients, who were diagnosed with cervical vertigo by questionnaire after MPS treatments. Clinical evaluations for cervical vertigo were performed on all subjects, and vestibular function tests were also performed in patients with vertigo symptoms. All patients received a total of 4 treatments including trigger point injection, physical therapy or medication, and then followed up, respectively. The symptom changes of dizziness, patient satisfaction and cervical pain were checked before and treatment 1, 2, 4 times by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score. RESULTS: There were significant improvement in the VAS score of dizziness, patient satisfaction and cervical pain after treatment for MPS. CONCLUSION: Treatment for MPS could improve dizziness in cervical vertigo with MPS patients, but further study is needed to clearly confirm the cervical vertigo with MPS for improving patient's quality of life.

Radiofrequency Diathermy for Rhinogenic Headache / 대한이비인후과학회지

Rhinogenic headache is a headache or facial pain syndrome secondary to mucosal contact points or rhinogenic causes in the absence of rhinitis/sinusitis. The authors report a case of atypical rhinogenic headache in a 72-year-old woman who presented with recurrent right side headache, which was aggravated by nasal breathing. A computed tomographic scan showed no evidence of rhinosinusitis and mucosal contact points. However, during nasal endoscopy, she had multiple pain-trigger points on the septum and lateral nasal wall. Treatment involved endoscopic reduction and radiofrequency diathermy of the pain-trigger point. Postoperatively, the headache was successfully relieved, and there was no evidence of recurrence. In this article, the authors present surgical option for the treatment of atypical rhinogenic headache.

Prevalencia del síndrome de dolor y disfunción temporomandibular y factores de riesgo en estudiantes de odontología / Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction and pain syndrome and associated factors in dental students

Introducción: El síndrome de dolor y disfunción temporomandibular (SDDTM) se ha identificado como una de las princi - pales causas de dolor no dental en la región orofacial. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia del SDDTM y factores asociados en los estu- diantes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia (UCC), sede Envigado. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacio - nal, descriptivo y transversal. Se evaluaron 98 estudiantes seleccionados aleatoriamen - te. Se realizó una encuesta, examen clíni - co, índice de Helkimo, test emocional de ansiedad y angustia. Se realizó un análisis univariado y bivariado (Chi 2 , p <0,05). Resultados: El 66% fueron mujeres. La edad promedio fue 21 años (DE±3). El 26,5% presentó hábito de apretamiento dental, 26,5% onicofagia y 18,4% bruxis- mo. El 31,6% refirió ruido articular, 30,6% cefalea-dolor de cuello, 18,4% dolor en articulación temporomandibular (ATM) y 12,2% rigidez mandibular. Clínicamente 44,5% presentó masticación unilateral. El 62,2% desviación durante la apertura y al cierre el 81,6%. El 42,9% presentó tras - torno de ansiedad y en menor proporción trastornos de angustia. El 74,7% presentó SDDTM leve. No se encontró diferen - cia con significación estadística entre la prevalencia del SDDTM por sexo (Chi 2 , p =0,255), ni asociación con los trastornos de ansiedad (Chi 2, p=0,060), ni angustia. Conclusión: El SDDTM leve fue el más frecuente entre la población estudiantil, se identificaron hábitos de apretamiento, onicofagia y masticación unilateral. No se encontró diferencia por sexo, ni asociación con trastorno de ansiedad ni de angustia. Llama la atención la alta prevalencia de masticación unilateral y del trastorno de ansiedad, son importantes estudiar

Background: Temporomandibular joint dysfunction and pain syndrome (TMJD) has been identified as one of the principle causes of non-dental pain in the orofacial region. Objective: To describe the prevalence of TMJD and associated factors in the students of the faculty of odontology of the Uni - versity Cooperativa de Colombia (UCC), Envigado campus Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. 98 randomly selected students were evaluated. A survey, clinical examination, Helkimo index, emotional distress and anxiety test was performed. Univariate and bivariate analysis was performed (Chi 2 , p <0,05). Results: 66% were women. The average age was 21 years (SD±3). 26,5% had dental clenching habit, 26,5% and 18,4% onicofagia bruxism. 31,6% reported joint click, 30,6% headache or neck pain, 18,4% pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and 12,2% mandibular stiffness. Clinically, 44,5% presented unilateral chewing. 62,2% showed deviation on opening and 81,6% on closing. 42,9% had anxiety disorder and to a lesser extent panic disorder. 74,7% had mild TMJD. No difference was found with statistical significance between the preva - lence of sex TMJD. (Chi 2 , p =0,255) or any association with anxiety disorders (Chi 2 , p =0,060), and distress. Conclusions: Mild TMJD was most frequent among the student population. Clenching habits, nail biting and unilateral chewing were identified. No difference was found by gender or any association with anxiety disorder or anxiety. Particularly striking is the high prevalence of unilateral chewing and anxiety disorder, which are important to study

Observation on therapeutic effect of myofascial pain syndrome of the back in the military soldiers treated with moxibustion / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To provide a set of the self-help and mutual-aid treatment with moxibustion to deal with myofasicial pain syndrome (MPS) of the back for the military soldiers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty-eight cases were randomly devided into a moxibustion group (30 cases) and a plaster application group (28 cases). In the moxibustion group, the suspended moxibustion was applied to Yanglingquan (GB 34) for 15 min. The moxibustion massage device was used to massage the pain area. Under the physician's guides, the self-help or mutual-aid treatment was adopted. In the plaster application group, Goupi Gao (a black plaster used in TCM) was used on the local pain area. The treatment was given once every day in either group, lasting for 5 days. The clinical symptom scale, clinical physical sign scale, functional disturbance scale, functional disturbance index, comprehensive economic benefit and the others were adopted to analyze and compare the clinical efficacies between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Both moxibustion and the plaster application achieved a certain efficacy on MPS of the back in the soldiers and either of them received the obvious improvements in the clinical symptoms, physical signs and functional disturbance (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The results in the moxibustion group were superior to those in the plaster application group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). In terms of the comprehensive economic benefit index, the result in the moxibustion group was better than that in the plaster application group. The total effective rate was 96.7% (29/30) in the moxibustion group and was 35.7% (10/28) in the plaster application group. The efficacy in the moxibustion group was superior to that in the plaster application group (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The self-help or mutual-aid treatment with moxibustion achieves the satisfactory clinical efficacy on MPS of the back in the military soldiers. It reduces the conventional medical cost and the military medical expenditure. This therapeutic approach is suitable to be promoted in the military.</p>

Sensibilidade dolorosa à palpação em pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular crônica / Sensibilidad dolorosa a la palpación en pacientes con disfunción temporomandibular crónica / Painful sensitivity to palpation in patients presenting with chronic temporomandibular dysfunction

Cefaléias primárias estão freqüentemente relacionadas à disfunção temporomandibular, sendo o aumento da sensibilidade dolorosa um achado comum nesses pacientes. Este estudo propôs investigar a sensibilidade dolorosa à palpação em pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular crônica, comparando grupos com presença ou ausência de cefaléias primárias. A disfunção temporomandibular e o tipo de cefaléia primária foram diagnosticados, respectivamente por meio dos critérios de diagnóstico para pesquisa das desordens temporomandibulares e por um questionário baseado na Classificação Internacional de Cefaléias (2004). A localização, avaliação e o agrupamento dos sítios musculares e articulares para palpação foram realizados segundo os critérios de diagnóstico para pesquisa das desordens temporomandibulares, considerando-se o temporal, masseter, articulação temporomandibular e sítios cervicais bilateralmente. A amostra foi composta por 213 (88,0 por cento) mulheres e 29 (12,0 por cento) homens, com faixa etária média de 37,41 anos. As médias do número de sítios positivos à palpação nos grupos sem cefaléia, cefaléia do tipo tensional, migrânea e cefaléia crônica diária e foram respectivamente: 12,43; 14,38; 15,21 e 15,62 (p= 0,107) (mínima 2 e máxima 22). Apenas para os sítios do músculo temporal foi detectada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos de cefaléia quanto à sensibilidade dolorosa à palpação (p= 0,007). O número de sítios dolorosos não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos estudados e apenas o músculo temporal demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significante quanto ao grau de dor à palpação(AU)

The cephalalgias are frequently associated with the temporomandibular disorders being common to find an increase of pain sensitivity in these patients. Thus, the objective of present study was to assess the sensitivity to palpation in patients presenting with chronic temporomandibular disorders comparing two groups one with headache and other without it, respectively. The temporomandibular disorders and the primary cephalalgias were diagnosed according the Diagnostic Criteria for the Research of Temporomandibular Disorders and by a questionnaire based on the International Classification of the Cephalalgias (2004). Location, assessment and grouping of muscular and articular areas for palpation were carried out according to the Diagnostic Criteria for above mentioned disorders, considering bilaterally the masseter muscle, the temporalis muscle, the cervical region and the temporomandibular joint. Sample included 213 (88.0 percent) of women and 29 (12.0 percent) men with a mean age of 37.41 years. The mean of number of zones positive to palpation in the groups without headaches, tension headache, migraine and daily chronic headache were: 12.43, 14.38, 15.21 and 15.62 (p= 0.107) (min 2 max 22). The areas of temporalis muscle showed significant differences among groups (p= 0.007). The number of painful points was not statistically different among groups and only in the temporalis muscle there were differences with statistical significant to palpation(AU)

Las cefaleas están frecuentemente relacionadas con los trastornos temporomandibulares, por esta razón es común encontrar un aumento de sensibilidad al dolor en los pacientes que padecen dicha enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la sensibilidad a la palpación en pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares crónicos. Se realizó una comparación entre 2 grupos con cefalea y sin cefalea respectivamente. Los trastornos temporomandibulares y las cefaleas primarias, fueron diagnosticados mediante los criterios diagnósticos para la investigación de los trastornos temporomandibulares y por un cuestionario basado en la clasificación internacional de cefaleas en el año 2004. La localización, evaluación y agrupación de las áreas musculares y articulares para la palpación, se realizaron de acuerdo a los criterios diagnósticos para la investigación de los trastornos temporomandibulares, se tuvo en cuenta el músculo masetero, el temporal, la región cervical y la articulación temporomandibular bilateralmente. La muestra fue de 213 mujeres (88,0 por ciento) y 29 hombres (12,0 por ciento), con una media de edad de 37,41 años. La media del número de zonas positivas a la palpación en los grupos sin cefalea, dolor de cabeza de tipo tensional, migraña y cefalea crónica diaria fueron: 12,43; 14,38; 15,21; 15,62 y (p= 0,107) (mínimas 2 y máximas 22). Las áreas del músculo temporal demostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos (p= 0,007). El número de puntos dolorosos no fue estadísticamente diferente entre los grupos y solo en el músculo temporal se observó diferencias estadísticamente significativas a la palpación(AU)

Dolor cráneo-facial como síntoma aislado de isquemia cardíaca: estudio prospectivo y multicéntrico / Cranifacial pain as the sole system of cardiac ischemia: a prospective multicenter

Antecedentes. El dolor craneofacial puede ser el único síntoma de una isquemia cardíaca. El fracaso en reconocer el origen cardíaco de dicho dolor puede poner en riesgo la vida del paciente. Los autores realizaron un estudio para revelar la prevalencia, la distribución y las diferencias entre sexos en lo que respecta al dolor craneofacial de origen cardíaco. Métodos. Los autores seleccionaron de forma prospectiva pacientes consecutivos (n=186) que habían presentado un episodio isquémico cardíaco verificado. Estudiaron en detalle la localización y distribución del dolor craneofacial e intraoral. Resultados: El dolor cráneofacial fue el único síntoma durante el episodio isquémico en 11 pacientes (6 por ciento), tres de los cuales presentaron un infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). Otros 60 pacientes (32 por ciento) comunicaron dolor cráneofacial concomitantemente a dolor en otras regiones. Las localizaciones más frecuentes del dolor cráneofacial fueron la garganta, la región mandibular izquierda, la región mandibular derecha, la articulación temporomandibular izquierda / oído y dientes. El dolor cráneofacial se manifestó de forma predominante en mujeres (P=0.031) y fue el síntoma dominante en ambos sexos en ausencia de dolor torácico. Conclusiones: El dolor cráneofacial es inducido frecuentemente por isquemia cardíaca. Esta causa debe tenerse en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial del dolor dental y orofacial. Implicaciones clínicas: Debido a que los pacientes que tienen un IAM sin dolor torácico corren un mayor riesgo de no ser correctamente diagnosticados y de muerte, el alerta del clínico sobre esta sintomatología, puede ser crucial para el diagnóstico precoz y un rápido tratamiento.

Background. Craniofacial pain can be the only symptom of cardiac ischemia. Failure to recognize its cardiac source can put the patient’s life at risk. The authors conducted a study to reveal the prevalence of, the distribution of and sex differences regarding craniofacial pain of cardiac origin. Methods. The authors prospectively selected consecutivepatients (n = 186) with a verified cardiacischemic episode. They studied the location and distribution of craniofacial and intraoral pain in detail. Results. Craniofacial pain was the only complaintduring the ischemic episode in 11 patients (6 per cent), three of them who had acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Another 60 patients (32 per cent) reported craniofacial pain concomitant with pain in other regions. The most common craniofacial pain locations were the throat, left mandible, right mandible, left temporomandibular joint/ear regionand teeth. Craniofacial pain was preponderantly manifested in female subjects (P = 0.031) and was the dominating symptom in both sexes in theabsence of chest pain. Conclusions. Craniofacial pain commonly is induced by cardiac ischemia. This must beconsidered in differential diagnosis of toothache and orofacial pain. Clinical Implications. Because patients sufferingAMI without chest pain run a higher risk of missed diagnosis and death, the clinician’s awareness of this symptomatology can be crucial for early diagnosis and timely treatment.

Aspectos anatômicos e patológicos da neuralgia do trigêmeo: uma revisão da literatura para estudantes e profissionais da saúde / Anatomic and pathologic aspects of the trigeminal neuralgia: a literature review for students and health professionals

O nervo trigêmeo é considerado um nervo misto, com fibras aferentes (sensitivas) e eferentes(motoras). As fibras sensitivas são responsáveis por um quadro neurológico, conhecido como neuralgia do trigêmeo. O objetivo deste trabalho é relacionar aspectos anatômicos do nervo trigêmeo com os sinais e sintomas da neuralgia, esclarecendo sua incidência, etiologia e terapêutica, além de relatar casos incomuns dessa doença. Foi realizada uma ampla revisão da literatura e identificadas as características da neuralgia do nervo trigêmeo, os casos mais incidentes, levando em consideração idade e sexo do paciente, além da sua causa e tratamento indicado. A neuralgia trigeminal é caracterizada por dores intensas e repentinas, semelhantes a choques elétricos, sendo no início confinadas a uma divisão, embora ela possa se irradiar sobre os ramos das outras divisões do nervo trigêmeo. Essas dores são desencadeadas por leves toques em pontos específicos na pele da face. Geralmente é unilateral e mais freqüente nas mulheres, a partir da quarta década de vida. A neuralgia acomete com mais freqüência o nervo mandibular, em seguida o nervo maxilar e menos comum no ramo oftálmico. Uma condição muito rara é o acometimento simultâneo dos três ramos do nervo trigêmeo. A causa, geralmentedesconhecida, também pode estar relacionada com variações anatômicas, tanto do próprio nervo quanto de estruturas adjacentes, ou neoplasias. O tratamento é complexo devido à dificuldade de identificação dos mecanismos desencadeantes. Em conclusão, o conhecimento da anatomia do nervo trigêmeo, associado à anamnese do paciente, sinais e sintomas da doença, é indispensável para o seu diagnóstico diferencial e terapêutica adequada.

The trigeminal nerve has afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers, however the sensory ones are responsible for a disorder called trigeminal neuralgia. The purposed of this study is to correlate the anatomical aspects of the trigeminal nerve with the neuralgia’s signs and symptoms, explaining its incidence, etiology and therapeutic management, besides relating unusual cases of this disease. It was performed a wide revision of the literature and it was identified the characteristics of the trigeminal neuralgia, regarding age and sex of the patient, besides its cause andappropriate treatment. The trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by hard and sudden pains, similar to electric discharges, being in the beginning confined to a branch, although it can irradiate to along the other divisions of the trigeminal nerve. These pains are begun by a quick touch in specific point in the skin of face. Generally is unilateral and more prevalent inthe woman, starting from the fourth decade of life. The neuralgia attacks more frequently the mandibular nerve, soon afterwards the maxillary and less common the ophthalmic branch. A very rare condition is the simultaneous attack of the three trigeminal nerve branches. The cause is always unknown, however it can be related for anatomical variations, as much the own nerve as the adjacent structures, even neoplasias. Treatment is complex due to the difficulty of identification of the carrying mechanisms. In conclusion, the knowledge of the trigeminal nerve anatomy associated to the patient’sanamnesis, signs and symptoms of the pathology, is indispensable to its differential diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic management.

Management of refractory secondary glossopharyngeal neuralgia with percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia [GN] can present as an orofacial pain syndrome in which there are repeated episodes of intractable pain in the tongue, throat, tonsils and ears. Primary GN is idiopathic, whereas secondary GN has some identifiable cause like tumor invasion that leads to constant irritation of the nerve. Current therapies include pharmacological management, nerve blocks, decompression surgery, and neuromodulation by either medications or pulsed mode radiofrequency. Radiofrequency lesioning of the glossopharyngeal nerve is a minimally invasive technique, which can effectively manage the pain in such patients. Here, we report a case in which secondary GN due to invasive tongue tumor, unresponsive to pulsed mode radiofrequency treatment, was treated with radiofrequency thermocoagulation [RFT]

A escuta terapêutica fonoaudiológica: estudo de caso clínico de paciente com dor orofacial crônica / Speech therapy listening: clinical case study of a patient with chronic orofacial pain

Introdução: a experiência clínica no atendimento a pessoas que apresentam dor orofacial crônica associada a distúrbios dos músculos mastigatórios, revela que a dor limita a evolução dos processos terapêuticos fonoaudiológicos, instigando a busca de alternativas para lidar com essas limitações. Objetivo: analisar os efeitos da escuta terapêutica fonoaudiológica dos conteúdos psíquicos associados à dor orofacial crônica, pressupondo-se a indissociabilidade entre corpo, linguagem e psiquismo. Método: pesquisa clínico qualitativa, realizada por meio de estudo de caso clínico. Sujeito: paciente do sexo feminino, 23 anos, com queixa de dor orofacial desde os 7 anos. Procedimento: o material clínico foi analisado a partir dos referenciais teóricos psicanalítico e fonoaudiológico, considerando-se os conteúdos manifesto e latente do sintoma (a dor), utilizando-se o recurso da escuta terapêutica no contexto transferencial. Foram obedecidas as normas éticas para pesquisa com seres humanos. Resultados: o processo terapêutico fonoaudiológico foi favorecido pela intervenção simultânea nas dimensões corporal e psíquica, resultando na redução progressiva da dor referida pela paciente. Conclusão: no caso estudado, a intervenção fonoaudiológica sustentada pelas técnicas miofuncionais orofaciais e pelo referencial teórico da psicanálise, favoreceu a efetividade do tratamento.

The clinical experience with patients expressing chronic orofacial pain allied to muscular disturbances of mastigatory muscles, reveals that the pain restricts the evolution of speech-language therapeutic process instigating the search for alternatives to handle such limitations. Aim: to analyse the psychic contens allied to the chronic orofacial pain from the therapeutic speech-language listening and by assuming the indissociability between body, language and psychism. Method: clinical-qualitative research based on a clinical case. Subject: female aged 23 patient refering to pain since she was 7. Procedure: Clinical material was analysed based on theoretical Psychoanalytic and Language and Hearing Sciences considering pronounced and latent contents (the pain). Resources from therapeutic listening in transferencial context were applied. Ethical rules in working with human were respected. Results: The speech-language therapeutic process was favoured by simultaneous intercession in body and psychic aspects, resulting in attributed patients pain progressive reduction. Conclusion: In the case studied, the speech-language listening supported by the myofunctional and orofacial techniques and the theoretical concern of the psychoanalysis, contributed to the speech-language treatment effectiveness.

La experiência clínica en atención a las personas que presentan dolor orofacial crónico asociado con trastornos de la musculatura masticatoria, demuestra que el dolor limita la evolución de los procesos terapéuticos fonoaudiológicos, estimulando la búsqueda de alternativas para tratar esas limitaciones. Objetivo: analizar los efectos de escucha terapéutica fonoaudiológica de los contenidos psíquicos asociados con el dolor orofacial crónica, suponiendose la inseparabilidad entre cuerpo, lenguaje y la psique. Método: investigación clínico cualitativa , llevada a cabo a través de estudio de caso clínico. Sujeto investigado: Paciente femenina, 23 años con quejas de dolor orofacial desde los 7 años. Procedimiento: El material clínico ha sido analizado a partir de las referencias teóricas psicoanalíticas y fonoaudiológicas, teniéndose en cuenta los contenidos manifi estos y latentes de los síntomas (el dolor), utilizándose como recurso la escucha terapéutica en el contexto transferencial. Las normas éticas para investigacion con humanos han sido seguidas. Resultados: el proceso terapéutico fonoaudiológico ha sido favorecido por la intervención simultánea en los aspectos corporal y psíquico, lo que resultó en la reducción gradual del dolor mencionado por la paciente. Conclusión: en el caso estudiado, la intervención fonoadiológica mantenida por las técnicas miofuncionales orofaciales y por el referencial teórico de la psicoanalisis, ha favorecido la efi cacia del tratamiento.

Interação entre cefaléias e disfunção temporomandibular: uma revisão da literatura / Interaction between headaches and temporomandibular disorders: a literature review

Disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é um termo coletivo para os problemas clínicos que envolvem a musculatura da mastigação, a articulação temporomandibular (ATM) e as estruturas associadas. A cefaléia é um sintoma que aparece frequentemente associado à DTM. Estudos epidemiológicos indicam forte associação entre dor de cabeça e DTM, porém essa interação ainda é passível de discussões. Para esta revisão, foram levantados artigos relevantes do tema, publicados na base de dados PubMed entre os anos de 1982 e 2008. Um dos principais achados apresentados é que parece haver uma importante interação no processamento das dores provenientes das cefaléias primárias e da DTM. Estudos têm mostrado que a fisiopatologia de ambas está intimamente relacionada com os núcleos do nervo trigêmeo. Neurônios no núcleo caudado trigeminal integram informações aferentes vindas de tecidos intra e extracranianos. Com base nessas investigações, observa-se que, apesar de vários mecanismos distintos estarem presentes na fisiopatologia das cefaléias e da DTM, as alterações ocorridas no sistema nervoso central têm fundamental papel na patogênese dessas queixas. Ainda há necessidade de estudos populacionais e longitudinais para esclarecer a relação entre a fisiopatologia das cefaléias e a da DTM.

Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) is a collective term for defining clinical problems involving the chewing muscles, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), as well as its associated structures. Headache is a frequent symptom in TMD, although the meaning of the association is still controversial. This article reviews the literature published from 1982 to 2008, selected by use of a Medline search. Review points to a possible important interaction in the processing of pain information from headaches and TMD. Studies have shown that both share pathophysiological mechanisms, which involve the trigeminal nerve nucleus, where convergent neurons integrate afferent information from intra and extracranial tissues. It may be suggested that although some distinct mechanisms are involved in the physiopathology of primary headaches and TMD, alterations in central nervous system are of importance in the pathogenesis of these complaints. Population and longitudinal studies are still necessary to better clarify the relationship between the physiopathology of such conditions.

Diferential diagnosis in atypical facial pain: a clinical study

OBJETIVE: To evaluate a sample of patients with atypical facial pain (AFP) in comparison to patients with symptomatic facial pain (SFP). METHOD: 41 patients with previous diagnostic of AFP were submitted to a standardized evaluation protocol, by a multidisciplinary pain team. RESULTS: 21 (51.2 percent) were considered AFP and 20 (48.8 percent) (SFP) received the following diagnosis: 8 (40.0 percent) had temporomandibular disorders (TMD); 3 (15.0 percent) had TMD associated to systemic disease (fibromyalgia, systemic erythematosus lupus); 4 (20.0 percent) had neuropathy after ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery for petroclival tumor; 2 (10.0 percent) had Wallenberg syndrome; 1 (5.0 percent) had intracranial tumor; 1 (5.0 percent) had oral cancer (epidermoid carcinoma), and 1 (5.0 percent) had burning mouth syndrome (BMS) associated to fibromyalgia. Spontaneous descriptors of pain were not different between AFP and SFP groups (p=0.82). Allodynia was frequent in SFP (p=0.05) and emotion was the triggering factor most prevalent in AFP (p=0.06). AFP patients had more traumatic events previously to pain (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: AFP patients had more: a) traumatic events previously to pain onset, and b) emotions as a triggering factor for pain. These data support the need of trained health professionals in multidisciplinary groups for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar uma amostra de pacientes com dor facial atípica (DFA) e compará-la a outra com dor facial sintomática (DFS). MÉTODO: 41 pacientes com diagnóstico prévio de DFA foram submetidos a um protocolo padronizado de avaliação aplicado por uma equipe multidisciplinar. RESULTADOS: 21 (51,2 por cento) foram mantidos com o diagnóstico de DFA e 20 (48,8 por cento) (DFS) receberam os seguintes diagnósticos: 8 (40.0 por cento) tinham disfunções temporomandibulares (DTM); 3 (15,0 por cento) tinham DTM associada a doença sistêmica (fibromialgia, lupus eritematoso sistêmico); 4 (20,0 por cento) tinham neuropatia após cirurgia otorrinolaringológica (ORL) para tumor petroclival; 2 (10,0 por cento) tinham síndrome de Wallenberg; 1 (5,0 por cento) tinha um tumor intracraniano; 1 (5,0 por cento) tinha câncer oral (carcinoma epidermóide), e 1 (5,0 por cento) tinha síndrome da ardência bucal (SAB) associada à fibromialgia. Expressões espontâneas utilizadas para a dor não diferiram entre os 2 grupos (p=0,82). Alodínia foi freqüente nos doentes com DFS (p=0,05) e emoções foi o fator desencadeante mais comum no grupo com DFA (p=0,06). Doentes com DFA apresentaram mais eventos traumáticos anteriores ao início da dor (p=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com DFA apresentaram mais: a) eventos traumáticos anteriores à cirurgia e b) emoções como fator desencadeante de dor. Estes dados realçam a necessidade de profissionais treinados em dor nas equipes multidisciplinares para o diagnóstico preciso e tratamento adequado desses doentes.